History, Politics and International Relations

Core Modules

Year 1

• History and Meanings

  In this module you will develop an understanding of historical writing and the associated debated around the creation of meaning via study of the past. You will look at changing expectations about historical truth, style and content, considering classical, Christian, Reformation, Renaissance, and Enlightenment approaches. You will examine the global professionalisation of historical research and writing as a discipline from the nineteenth century onwards, with specific case-histories including the impact of Marxism, anthropology, gender studies, Foucault, and Postmodernism. You will also consider History's response to Postmodernist theory and the state of historical studies post-Postmodernism.

• Public History

  In this module you will develop an understanding of how historians, politicians and communities make use of the past in the present, and the problems, opportunities and responsibilities this entails. You will look at the use of history in the modern world through a series of case studies and consider your own role as a consumer and producer of history. You will evaluate both historians' interpretations and the history presented through the media and in public and political spaces. You will hear from a number of historians, drawn from Royal Holloway and beyond, who will speak expertly about the intersection of their research with the public sphere.

• Introduction to International Relations

  This module offers a broad introduction to theory and history in international relations since 1870. You will look at a variety of different theoretical lenses, ranging from orthodox to critical perspectives, in order to understand events from the collapse of the Bismarckian European order and the origins of World War 1 to the contemporary War on Terror. Along the way you will also explore the origins and the end of the Cold War, decolonisation and the End of Empire, the rise of international institutions, humanitarian intervention and new security issues.

• Introduction to Politics and Government

  This module will introduce you to the academic study of politics and to the ‘real world’ of contemporary politics. As a foundational course, it will give you all the essential tools to understand the nature of politics and analyse the way different political systems work. You will be introduced to key concepts such as politics, power, rights, ideologies, democracy and representation, and will learn about the different actors, institutions and processes that make up politics today.

Year 2

• Independent Essay

  The subject of the essay must be outside the direct remit of the various Group 1 and Group 2 taught courses that the student is taking. The essay is intended to facilitate and develop the student's powers of independent thought and research, exercised in a field selected by the student for its particular attractions to him/her and where regular supervisory guidance is available.

Year 3. You will take one of the following:

• Dissertation
• Dissertation in Politics and/or IR

  The dissertation offers you the opportunity to pursue independent research in a topic of your own choosing with the support of an academic supervisor working one-to-one with you. You will develop your own research question and research strategy, explore the scholarly debates surrounding your topic, and advance your own thesis that interprets or challenges the way your topic has been understood. You are encouraged to use a variety of quantitative or qualitative methods and theoretical approaches as appropriate to the field you are exploring.

Optional Modules

Year 1

• Gods, Men and Power: An Introduction to the Ancient World, from Homer to Mohammed

  This course looks at how power was exercised in the ancient Mediterranean world - in politics, in religion, and in culture. It covers a long and dramatically changing period, from early Greece (the time of the Homeric epics) to the rise of Christianity and then the rise of Islam. A variety of areas of life are investigated through both primary sources (in translation) and a selection of the latest secondary works.

• Republics, Kings and People: The Foundations of European Political Thought from Plato to Rousseau

  This course investigates the origins of our ideas about human rights and duties, revolution and democracy, consent and liberty, etc. A number of key writings are studied: ranging from Plato and Aristotle in the ancient world to Machiavelli, More, Hobbes, Locke and the Enlightenment in the transition from the early modern to the modern world. Analysis of the development of fundamental ideas about politics and society through these examples sharpens the mind and throws light upon the present in the perspective of the past.

• The Age of Discovery: Expansion, Invention and Globalisation in the Early Modern World

  The early modern period is an age of change. It has been seen by many as the beginning of modernity, for it witnesses the consolidation of both national monarchies and the central state, the split of Christianity with the emergence of the Reformation, the spread of Islam to the Balkans, European expansion into the ‘new world,’ the introduction of print, and significant changes in patterns of consumption. This course will assess the impact that these processes had on the lives of ordinary early modern Europeans and on their ways of making sense of the changes in the world around them. For example, we will examine how the process of state-building brought about a new culture of discipline and self-restraint in everyday life; how people’s attitudes to the sacred and standards of morality changed with the spread of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. We will ask whether the introduction of print revolutionized ordinary people’s access to information and knowledge, and whether the encounter with Native Americans stimulated the development of a separate European identity, perceived as superior. This course will also address continuities and changes in the domestic and private spheres of individuals’ lives -- gender relations, patterns of family life, ideas about childhood and intimacy, attitudes to health and hygiene, birth and death. Throughout the emphasis will be on the experience of ordinary people.

• Conflict and Identity in Modern Europe, c. 1770 to 2000

  This course highlights a range of major themes in (predominantly) European history from the French Revolution to the Fall of the Berlin Wall. In studying specific events and developments students will also be introduced to more general concepts like revolution, constitutionalism, liberalism, nationalism, industrialisation, socialism, communism, fascism, parliamentary democracy and welfare state. Exposure to different historical methods and conflicting interpretations will help students to hone their own analytical skills.

• Mao to Mandela: Twentieth-Century Leaders of the non-Western World

  The course establishes a framework for the discussion of the politics of extra-European societies as represented by their leaders in the twentieth century.  The leaders are studied both in terms of what their lives represent, and as individuals.  The leaders represent political ideas on leadership and varying notions of what constitutes authority, as well as examples of the phenomenon of charisma. One of our tasks is to understand how these societies are different.  The course then looks at a variety of case studies which might include (amongst others):  Nelson Mandela in South Africa; Gandhi and Indira Gandhi in India, Mao in China; Peron and Che Guevara in Latin America; the Zionist, Ben Gurion; Ayatollah Khomeini and militant Islamism in Iran.  It assesses their role in the development of nationalism, and of the wars and revolutions which arose from resistance to the West, especially imperialism. It discusses their ideological vision, interpreting its origins and aims. Finally, it looks at the seeming clash between Islam and the West, and relates it to resources, particularly oil. 

• Rome to Renaissance: An Introduction to the Middle Ages

  The terms 'Middle Ages' and 'Medieval' are often used to evoke a dark and bigoted world, wracked by war, pestilence and superstition and oppressed by tyrannical kings and prelates. The image is not entirely false as all those things can be found in medieval history but it is by no means the full picture. The period from c.400 to c.1500 saw Western Europe transform itself from the poorer part of the retreating Roman empire to a wealthy and dynamic society that was starting to explore the world far beyond its borders. This course explores some of the changes that took place along the way and answers some of the questions that you may always have wanted to ask: What was 'feudalism'? How were castles and Gothic cathedrals built? Why did the Pope become so powerful? What were the Crusades? And does any of this have any relevance whatsoever to the modern world?

Year 2

• History of the British Empire, 1763 to 1900
• History of the British Empire, 1899 to 1963
• The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic
• Rome and its Empire from Augustus to Commodus
• Globalising Capital: Britain and the World, 1846 to 1913
• The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1000-1250
• Religion, Culture and Society in Europe, 1000-1250
• Politics, Pestilence and War in Late Medieval Europe, 1300 to 1500
• The Sacred and Profane: Cultural Life in Renaissance Europe
• The European Crucible 1914-47: Politics, Culture and Society
• The Politics of Postwar Europe, 1945 to 2000
• Twentieth-Century World History: the Asian resurgence
• New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Tudor Monarchy, 1485 to 1603
• Killing the King: England in an Age of Revolutions 1603-1714
• The Georgians: Society, Culture and Crime, 1714-1830
• Nineteenth-Century Europe: Society and Culture, 1789 to 1905
• The Birth of Europe, 400-800
• The Light of Burning Heretics: Popular Heresy in the Middle Ages
• Twentieth-Century World History: The Middle East, Africa and Latin America
• Medicine from Antiquity to the Medieval Near East
• The Western Powers and East Asia, 1839-1945
• The Ottoman Empire, 1453-1789
• ‘Peace that is No Peace’: The Global Cold War 1945-91
• Virtue and Power: Political Thought from Cicero to Machiavelli
• Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the Americas, 1450-1650
• The Making of the Modern Middle East, 1789-1930
• Everyday Life in the Italian Renaissance
• International Economic Relations 1917-1991
• The Victorians, 1837-1901
• Modern British History 1914-1973
• History of the USA, 1787 to 1877
• History of The USA Since 1877
• Spain 1898-1939
• Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy 1939-1989
• Awakening China: From the Opium Wars to the Present Day
• The Holy Man
• Science in Greek and Roman Antiquity
• Mutiny to Modi: The Indian Subcontinent from the 19th century to the Present.
• Byzantine Twilight, 1200-1460
• The Greek World from the Fall of Byzantium to the Rise of Nationalism, 1453-1910
• Italy from the Unification to the Present
• The History of Cyprus from the Ottoman Conquest to the Present Day
• From Venizelos to Varoufakis: The History of Greece from 1910 to the Present Day
• The Later Roman Empire
• Byzantium and its Neighbours, 641-1081
• London Urban Society, 1400-1600
• Tudor Queenship: Mary I and Elizabeth I, 1553-1603
• The Crusades and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1095-1291
• Medicine and Society in Medieval Europe
• Martin Luther King Jr and the Civil Rights Movement, 1955-1968
• Modern Girls: Women in Twentieth-Century Britain
• The Russian Empire in the Age of Reform and Revolution
• Spain in Conflict 1930-1953
• Nationalism, Democracy and Minorities in Central Europe, 1918 to 1939
• Modern Political Ideas
• The Devil's Decade: Britain, America and the Great Slump, 1929-41
• The Islamic Revival: from C18 Reform to C20 Political Action
• Genocide
• A History of Terrorism: From French Revolutionary Terror to Al-Qaeda
• Grand Designs: The Victorians and their Material Worlds
• Histories of Humanitarianism, From the 1880s to the Present
• Justice, Power and Religion in the Muslim World: The History of Shariʿa Law
• Entangled Histories: The Interconnected Atlantic World, 1500-1800
• 'Dragon Ladies'? Society, Politics and Gender in Modern China
• Modernizing Despots and Angry Mullahs: Development and Popular Resistance in the Muslim World, 1930 to 1980
• The First World War in British Experience and Memory (short title-Waging Armageddon)
• The Vietnam War and the Cold War in Southeast Asia (short title- The Vietnam War)
• Children of the Revolution? France from 1789 to the Great War
• Women and the Politics of Gender in Modern Muslim Societies
• Art, Architecture & Power in the Roman World
• From Constantinople to Alexandria: Eastern Mediterranean Cities, 1798-1956
• The Age of Thatcher
• Sex, Society and Identity in Britain, c. 1660-1815
• Explorers and Inventors in Classical and Late Antiquity
• From Mussolini to Trump Nationalism, Far Right and Identity Politics
• Understanding the European Union: Politics and Theory

  In this module you will analyse the contemporary politics of the European Union and its institutions, amid the challenges of the triple crisis of economics, migration and Brexit. You will learn about the political history of European integration after 1949 and the contemporary theory of European integration. The first term will begin with an introduction to the European Union as a political system followed by an overview of the European Union's historical development. The second term will focus on contestation of the European Union and the theories that underpin this, in order to explain how the EU developed and the challenges that it faces. Topics will include Euroscepticism, party politics, public opinion, Brexit and EU-UK relations, and European Parliament elections. The theory sessions comprise of federalism, neo-functionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism and the new institutionalisms.

• International Relations Theory

  Building on Introduction to International Relations, this module explores the key thinkers and debates in International Relations Theory. You will become familiar with a variety of ways of thinking about International Relations, engaging with questions about the nature of power, identity, and ethics in politics and how these interact in the international realm. The module is divided into two parts. In the first, you will examine the three foundational theoretical paradigms within International Relations – realism, liberalism, and Marxism. The second part explores newer critical approaches to International Relations theory, including constructivism, post-structuralism, feminism, and uneven ecological exchange.

• Democracy in Britain
• Contemporary Political Theory
• International Political Economy
• War and Security in World Politics
• Modern Political Thought
• International Organisations
• Introduction to Political Communication
• Politics Outside the West

Year 3

• The Later Roman Empire
• Byzantium and its Neighbours, 641-1081
• London Urban Society, 1400-1600
• Tudor Queenship: Mary I and Elizabeth I, 1553-1603
• The Crusades and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1095-1291
• Medicine and Society in Medieval Europe
• Martin Luther King Jr and the Civil Rights Movement, 1955-1968
• Modern Girls: Women in Twentieth-Century Britain
• The Russian Empire in the Age of Reform and Revolution
• Spain in Conflict 1930-1953
• Nationalism, Democracy and Minorities in Central Europe, 1918 to 1939
• Modern Political Ideas
• The Devil's Decade: Britain, America and the Great Slump, 1929-41
• The Islamic Revival: from C18 Reform to C20 Political Action
• Genocide
• A History of Terrorism: From French Revolutionary Terror to Al-Qaeda
• Grand Designs: The Victorians and their Material Worlds
• Histories of Humanitarianism, From the 1880s to the Present
• Justice, Power and Religion in the Muslim World: The History of Shariʿa Law
• Entangled Histories: The Interconnected Atlantic World, 1500-1800
• 'Dragon Ladies'? Society, Politics and Gender in Modern China
• Despots and Mullahs: The (Modern) Muslim World and Development, 1930-1980
• The First World War in British Experience and Memory (short title-Waging Armageddon)
• The Vietnam War and the Cold War in Southeast Asia (short title- The Vietnam War)
• Children of the Revolution? France from 1789 to the Great War
• Women and the Politics of Gender in Modern Muslim Societies
• Art, Architecture & Power in the Roman World
• From Constantinople to Alexandria: Eastern Mediterranean Cities, 1798-1956
• The Age of Thatcher
• Sex, Society and Identity in Britain, c. 1660-1815
• Explorers and Inventors in Classical and Late Antiquity
• From Mussolini to Trump Nationalism, Far Right and Identity Politics
• The Kingdom of Darkness Destroyed: Reason and Religion, 1651 to 1718
• Faith and Fire: Religious Culture in England, c.1375 to 1525
• The Origins and Impact of the Second Crusade
• The Causes and Consequences of the Fall of Constantinople (1453)
• Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France, c.1140 to c.1300
• The Empire in Victorian Britain, c.1830 to 1870
• Modernity and the Victorians: The Intellectual Response
• Berlin: A European Metropolis in the Twentieth Century
• The History and Historiography of the Holocaust
• The Clash of Powers and Cultures: Sino-American Relations during the Cold War
• Stalinism
• Christians and Pagans from Constantine to Augustine, AD 306 to 430
• Representing Authority from Henry VII to Charles II
• Victorian Babylon: Life, Work and People in London, c.1840 to 1890
• Comparing Religious Fundamentalisms in the 19th and 20th Centuries
• Migration, Identity and Citizenship in Modern Britain
• The Age of Terror: Terrorism from 1945 - Present
• Photography, Film and British Society, 1850-1965
• China and the World: Migration and Diaspora, 1800-1945
• Malcolm X and African American Islam
• The Bomb: Atomic Weaponry and Society in the 20th Century
• Drawing the Line: Independence, Partition, and the Making of India and Pakistan 1900-1960
• Progress and Its Discontents: European Culture in the Fin de Siècle
• Villa, Domus and Palace: Domestic Space and Social Identity in the Roman World
• Union and Emancipation: The American Civil War
• The Death of God: From the Enlightenment to Psychoanalysis
• Visions of Europe: Political and Intellectual Readings of European Integration from the Interwar years to the Present
• The Monastic Revolution ca.1080-1150
• The Making of the Modern Middle East, 1789-1930
• Holocaust Witnessing
• From Inverts to Perverts: British Queer History, 1885 to Present
• Politics in Action: The Politics and International Relations Experience Placement
• European Union Public Policy

  In this module you will develop an understanding of regulation in the European Union, including delivery of policy and administration. You will look at how the world's largest market operates, with a focus on EU public policy, including de-regulation, re-regulation, budgets and spending. You will examine the concept of the single market, the Euro and its crisis, justice, home affairs and counter-terrorism, the EU budget, agriculture, regional development, and social and environmental policies.

• Power and Money in the European Union
• Radical Political Theory
• The British in India: a Social and Political History
• Contemporary Middle East Politics
• US Foreign Policy
• Comparative Foreign Policy
• Young People's Politics
• Leadership, Power and the British Prime Minister
• Visual Politics
• Understanding China's Rise: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy
• Global Energy Policy
• Refugees and Migration in World Politics
• American Political Development
• The Politics of Russia and Eastern Europe
• The Politics of International Development
• Issues in Democratic Theory
• Political Theories of Freedom
• Defence and Security Governance
• Military Change in the 21st Century
• Leaders and Political Communication
• Global Healthy Policy
• Political Protest

The course has a modular structure, whereby students take twelve course units at the rate of four per year. Some course units are compulsory while others are elective thereby offering versatility and choice.  

You will be taught through a combination of lectures, tutorials and seminars. Outside class, teaching you will work both independently and collaboratively with other students, researching topics in the in preparation for class discussion and producing your assessed coursework. Private study and preparation are essential parts of every course, and you will have access to many online resources and the University’s comprehensive e-learning facility, Moodle.

The department has a number of special online learning resources, such as access to the full collection of the prestigious Oxford Handbooks of Political Science and the entire Communication and Mass Media Complete journals database. All our academic staff hold regular drop-in consultation sessions with students and, when you start with us, you will be assigned a Personal Tutor to support you academically and personally.

Most modules contain an element of assessed coursework, such as an essay, a report, group work, a research blog, or a presentation, which contributes to the final examination mark awarded. The results of the first year exams qualify you to progress to the second year but do not contribute to your final degree award. The second and final year results do contribute to the final degree result, with the final year work counting double that of the second year.

You will take a study skills course during your first year, designed to equip you with and enhance the writing skills you will need to be successful in your degree. This course does not count towards your final degree award but you are required to pass it to progress to your second year.

A Levels: AAB-ABB

Required: At least five GCSEs at grade A*-C or 9 - 4 including English and Mathematics. Preferred subject: History A-level.

Where an applicant is taking the EPQ alongside A - levels, the EPQ will be taken into consideration and result in lower A-level grades being required. Socio - economic factors which may have impacted an applicant's education will be taken into consideration and alternative offers may be made to these applicants.

Other UK Qualifications

Select your qualification International Baccalaureate BTEC National Extended Diploma BTEC National Diploma BTEC National Extended Certificate Welsh Baccalaureate Scottish Advanced Highers Scottish Highers Irish Leaving Certificate Access to Higher Education Diploma

International & EU requirements

Select your country Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Cyprus (South) (Greek-Cypriot system) Cyprus (North) Czech Republic Denmark Estonia European Baccalaureate Finland France Germany Ghana Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Latvia Liechenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro SaudiArabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland (Federal) Switzerland (French) Switzerland (German) Switzerland (Italian) Tanzania Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates USA Vietnam West Indies

English language requirements

All teaching at Royal Holloway (apart from some language courses) is in English. You will therefore need to have good enough written and spoken English to cope with your studies right from the start.

The scores we require

• IELTS: 6.5 overall. Writing 7.0. No other subscore lower than 5.5.
• Pearson Test of English: 61 overall. Writing 69. No other subscore lower than 51.
• Trinity College London Integrated Skills in English (ISE): ISE III.
• Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) grade.

For more information about country-specific entry requirements for your country please visit here. For international students who do not meet the direct entry requirements, we offer an International Foundation Year, run by Study Group at the Royal Holloway International Study Centre. Upon successful completion, students can progress on to selected undergraduate degree programmes at Royal Holloway, University of London.

This joint degree gained at Royal Holloway provides valuable training for many professions as well as a basis for further study. It will equip you with valuable specific knowledge on the workings of diverse political institutions, which places you well to develop a career in the public sector, as a parliamentary researcher, a civil servant or a journalist. It also demonstrates that you enjoy being challenged, are able to understand complex issues and have a understanding other values and cultures, which equips you to operate successfully in a fast-changing and increasingly globalised and multi-cultural environment.

Home and EU students tuition fee per year*: £9250

International students tuition fee per year**: £16900

Other essential costs***: There are no single associated costs greater than £50 per item on this course

How do I pay for it? Find out more about funding options, including loans, scholarships and bursaries.

^*The tuition fee for UK and EU undergraduates is controlled by Government regulations, and for students starting a degree in the academic year 2018/19 will be £9,250 for that year, and is shown for reference purposes only. The tuition fee for UK and EU undergraduates has not yet been confirmed for students starting a degree in the academic year 2019/20.

^**Fees for international students may increase year-on-year in line with the rate of inflation. The policy at Royal Holloway is that any increases in fees will not exceed 5% for continuing students. For further information see fees and funding and our terms and conditions.

^***These estimated costs relate to studying this particular degree programme at Royal Holloway. Costs, such as accommodation, food, books and other learning materials and printing etc., have not been included.