Unix and Linux
Introduction
Linux and Unix are full operating systems for computers like Windows or MacOS X. In some areas of physics it is favoured as it allows the user (you) nearly complete control over your computer. It does not appear to be like Windows or MacOS but essentially all the operations you are familiar with on a normal computer are possible.
Command
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Description
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Examples
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Options
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ls
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List contents of directory
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pwd
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Print current directory
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External resources
There are many tutorials online explaining LINUX use.
Using LINUX on your computer
Running a unix like terminal is possible under windows by installing CYGWIN, which allows access to most useful free software.
Your computer can be booted from a CD containing LINUX, so leaving your hard-drive intact. Here are some links to popular ones
For the more adventurous it is possible to entirely replace windows with Linux.